Traditionally, the term art was used to
refer to any expertise or mastery. This origin changed during the passionate
period, when art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind
to be classified with religion and science". Generally, art is made with
the intention of stimulating thoughts and emotions. It can also be said that it
is aesthetics,
and even disciplines such as history and psychoanalysis analyze its
relationship with humans and generations
Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approaches:
a-The Realist, whereby aesthetic quality is an
absolute value sovereign of any human view;
b-The Objectivist, whereby it is also an absolute
value, but is dependent on general human experience; and
c-The Relativist position, whereby it is not an
absolute value, but depends on, and varies with, the human experience of
different humans. An object may be characterized by
the intentions, or lack thereof, of its creator, regardless of its apparent
purpose. A cup, which ostensibly can be used as a container, may be considered
art if intended solely as an ornament, while a painting may be deemed craft if
mass-produced. The nature of art has been described by Richard Wollheim as
"one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human
culture". It has been defined as a vehicle for the expression or
communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating
formal elements for their own sake, and as mimesis or representation.
Leo Tolstoy identified art as a use of indirect means to communicate from one
person to another. Benedetto Croce and R.G. Collingwood advanced the
idealist view that art expresses emotions, and that the work of art therefore
essentially exists in the mind of the creator. The theory of art as form has
its roots in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and was developed in the early
twentieth century by Roger Fry and Clive Bell. Art as mimesis or
representation has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle. More
recently, thinkers influenced by Martin Heidegger have interpreted art as the
means by which a community develops for itself a medium for self-expression and
interpretation
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